Risk Management At The Hospital Industry Essay - 1842 Words

Risk Management Introduction This risk management plan is directed at the Hospital industry which centres its attention at patient safety and risk management programming. Its main focus is on the issue of patient safety which is perhaps, the main concern at the Health Centres and Hospitals. The assignment would focus on the risk management plan which covers risk identification, analysis, response planning, monitoring and control as well. So as to consider the safety of the patients, the management devices a risk management plan basically a contingency plan for the Hospitals so as to formulate a distinct risk management strategy. In the hospitals; doctors, nurses, patients and other employees are frequently uncovered to contaminations and infections. There are various internal as well as external influences which make it necessary to implement risk management in hospitals and health care centres. RISK MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY Risk management has always been neglected by almost all kinds of organisations and only after a major accident occurs, the organisation become very serious and take proper steps in order to ensure their safety. Hospitals are the place where people come to be safe and healthy. Now the first duty of the hospital becomes to be self-protected and ensured of their safety, only then can they cater what they are meant for. Hospitals have huge footfall and the chances to any miss-happening is more in it compared to other organisation, inShow MoreRelatedRisk Management Systems Are Designed1453 Words   |  6 PagesRisk Management Systems are designed to do more than just identify the risk. The system must also be able to quantify the risk and predict the impact of the risk on the project. The outcome is therefore a risk that is either acceptable or unacceptable. The acceptance or non-acceptance of a risk is usually dependent on the project manager’s tolerance level for risk. If risk management is set up as a continuous, disciplined process of problem identification and resolution, then the system will easilyRead MoreMeasuring the Performance at Patton-Fuller Hospital785 Words   |  3 Pagesmeasuring the performance at Patton-Fuller Hospital. The first objective is a strong and efficient adherence to the stated fiscal budget of the hospital. The second is efficient and measured management of the workforce. The third metric to look at is prevalence of malpractice lawsuits and other reactions that stem from shoddy care. Methodology In terms of budgetary concerns, the hospital must constantly evaluate and assess the budgetary structure of the hospital and execution of that budget. ExamplesRead MoreFinancial Statements From Health Management Associates861 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Hospitals, like any other business need profits for sustainability. With minimum knowledge of the logistic, one may easily assume hospitals are about patient care not profits. While patient care is paramount and the primary focus of the business, there are overhead cost, debts need to be paid, and employees need to be paid. While healthcare providers are providing excellent care to the patients, management is ensuring sufficient resources are incoming to maintain operation. The managementRead MoreHealthcare Risk Management ( Hrm )1216 Words   |  5 Pages Healthcare risk management ( HRM) began in The late 1970s, when hospitals are facing a malpractice crisis (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). According to Kavaler and Alexander (2014), it is estimated more than 140,000 Americans die from medical errors and the cost ranges between $17 billion and $29 billion each year in the United States (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). In this essay, the student will explain a healthcare risk management program, evaluate the program for compliance with the American SocietyRead MoreInvestigating The Failure Rates And Mean Time On Repair Statistics1167 Words   |  5 Pagesway of equipment maintenance management strategies from the relevant industry experience and to check if they have the potential to improve the availability of hospital equipment in critical conditions and to reduce the harm to patients by using the equipment’s in proper conditions by not playing with their lives. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted by examining the maintenance management strategies of critical hospital; equipment’s or machines in a group of hospitals in a particular area or regionRead MoreCloud Computing Impacting Health Care988 Words   |  4 Pages Cloud Computing Impacting Health Care Introduction In comparison to other industries, the healthcare industry has under-utilized technology to improve the efficiency of operations. Healthcare systems are still dependent on written medical records which limits consultation with other medical players. Additionally, despite the substantial evidence in the sector of patient safety, there is little attention in regards to appropriate systematic approaches to help solve the issue (AbuKhousa Al-JaroodiRead MoreHealth Care At The United States939 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most complex industries in our country. Over the past fifteen years patient safety has been the forefront in healthcare organizations and keeping the patient safe when they arrive at the hospital is very crucial (Alijani, Kwun, Omar, Williams, 2015). In order to do this hospitals’ need to know different methods of safety approaches. Risk management in healthcare involves patients’ rights, patient safety, patient satisfaction, compliance, and quality of c are. Risk management is an essentialRead MoreThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )817 Words   |  4 PagesThe Affordable Care Act (ACA) legislated in 2010, has changed the United States health care industry. In addition to universal healthcare, one of the principles of the ACA is the ideal of accountable care. Specifically, adopting an Accountable Care organization (ACO) for Medicare beneficiaries under the fee for service program. An ACO seeks to hold providers and health organizations accountable for not only the quality of health care they provide to a population, but also keeping the cost of careRead MoreComparative Summary Essay example1460 Words   |  6 Pagespolicies unique to each financial environment, identified financial management practices prevalent in the financial environment, and explained why effective financial management is more difficult in health care than in other industries. The first one is Health Management Associates, Inc. founded in 1977 to own, lease and manage hospitals throughout the United States (Health Management Associates, 2011).   Today HMA operates fifty nine hospitals in fifteen states with approximately eighty eight hundred licensedRead MoreHealthcare Risk Management ( Hrm )1106 Words   |  5 Pages Healthcare risk management ( HRM) began in the late 1970s when hospitals are facing a malpractice crisis (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). According to Kavaler and Alexander (2014), it is estimated more than 140,000 Americans die from medical errors and the cost ranges between $17 billion and $29 billion each year in the United States (Kavaler Alexander, 2014). In this essay, the student will explain a healthcare risk management program, evaluate the program for compliance with the American Society

Education Is An Essential Practice - 996 Words

Walsh, K 11/06/2016 Soc-110HA-CL02 Journal 2 Efficiently in education is an essential practice, within myself, in order to achieve and retain longevity within my current academic schedule, in order to project an optimistic outcome my performance, I have found the current use of equipment choice, to be my basic laptop(pg,63(par22)) (Ritzier, George,) (2015), no whishes or bells, just simplicity. Whoever, within simplicity, academic efficiently, has been challenging. the systemic bureaucracy of achieving educational efficiently, has most defiantly been a learning experience, in developing positive performance in acquiring academic proficiency. In order to achieve as a consumer, who has purchased my education, to reach proficiency, in term of my current educational goals, simplicity, is the key aspect in with my educational structure. I currently choose, to opt off social media cites, such as Facebook,(facebook.com(pg,63) (Ritzier, George,) (2015) when currently in study, as I seldom play games on social media, however, I find my smartphone to be an essential tool, in simplifying in my life style. In terms of equipping, smartphones are indeed an effective tool to convert all my social media, educational tools, and career tools, one for instance is LinkedIn.(Linkedin.com) (pg,63, (par22)). I find in developing a greater understanding in my educational practice, I currently use online dictionaries, such as â€Å"Webster’s dictionary online† (www. Merrian-webster.com)Show MoreRelatedCreating A Program Outcome For Baccalaureate Program1069 Words   |  5 Pagesprovides leadership to improve health care and advan ce the discipline through nursing education, scholarship, and services. Baccalaureate program provides nurses with an innovative education grounded in nursing and related science, humanities, and leadership. According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2008), students in the Baccalaureate Nursing Program are better in inter-professional practice. Nurses who graduate from an accredited Baccalaureate program helps to promote, restoreRead MoreComparison of Gcu Aacn641 Words   |  3 PagesAACNs Essentials for Masters Education for Advanced Practice Nursing (link located in the Week 1 Topic Materials)? Explain your rational. http://www.gcu.edu/About-Us/Mission-and-Vision.php http://www.gcu.edu/College-of-Nursing-and-Health-Care-Professions.php As for me, the Comparisons that can be found between the Grand Canyon University (GCU) Mission and Domains/College of Nursing (CON) Mission and Program Competencies with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing’s (AACN) Essentials forRead MoreProfessional Roles And Development Plan1206 Words   |  5 PagesProfessional Roles and Development Plan The nursing workforce plays an essential role in our health care system and the role of nursing is evolving due to shortage of nurses, new emerging technology within the healthcare system and the needs to provide quality of care in the most cost effective ways. The focus of this paper is to analyze the roles and the required skills of the baccalaureate prepared nurse in the 21st century healthcare system. In addition, I will also describe my career developmentRead MoreThe Heart And Vascular Institute755 Words   |  4 Pagesup and how they function within the system. This is my opportunity to see the operation firsthand, the clientele it serves, the staff, and potential education needs that the department faces. Developing as an Advanced Nurse Educator The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) published report titled The Essentials of Master’s Education in Nursing (2011), where the core framework for all masters educated nurses is laid out to prepare for the dramatic changes seen in the delivery of healthcareRead MoreThe And Quality And Safety Education1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN), the Institute of Medicine (IOM), and the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) emerged because of a need for improved nursing education and nursing practice. The AACN continually recommends policies that develop nursing education programs. Subsequently, the AACN promotes exceptional patient care. Similarly, IOM assists healthcare facilities in both the government and private sector by providing evidence-based advice for health decisionsRead MoreNursing Philosophy Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesuniversal human right, it encompasses a process that involves a collaborativ e care of people of all ages and communities in all settings. Nursing is essential in promoting health, prevention of illness, care of the sick and disabled people in the society. Nursing advocates for the promotion of a safe environment, research, shaping health policies, education and patient health management systems. The philosophy of nursing examines the truths and ideals in nursing. It is the result of the intellectualRead MoreImpact Of The Affordable Care Act ( Aca ) On The Healthcare Industry874 Words   |  4 Pageshealthcare delivery systems. According to Chism (2009), the roles of the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) prepared nurse graduates may be incorporated to meet the transformation of today’s contemporary healthcare. After reading the assigned material, I gained confidence that the DNP program will prepare me for eligible leadership roles within the healthcare industry. As a Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP), my immediate career goals are to incorporate the leadership skills that are science-basedRead MoreMy Role as a Student in Higher Education and My Role as a Future Health Care Practitioner1278 Words   |  6 PagesMy role as a student in higher education and my role as a future health care practitioner. Historically, how nurses are educated has changed dramatically. Long gone are the days of apprenticeship styled training programmes of the 18th century Florence Nightingale era, whereby nurses learnt all they needed to know by the bedside. Instead, present day nurses are required to be trained to high level in order to deliver research based practice and evidence-based healthcare in highly specialised settingsRead MoreThrough My Registered Nurse To Bachelor Of Science In Nursing1305 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture with a demand for evidence-based practices to ensure safe care delivery, creating more opportunities for nursing professionals to lead patients, families, and communities toward improved health practices. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) outlined the essentials of Baccalaureate Nursing needed to accomplish such tasks. In this essay, I will demonstrate my understanding, growth, and accomplishments related to the essentials. Essentials V, Vlll, l, ll During my educationalRead MoreLifelong Learning Plan And Role Analysis Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesworkforce to be at 80% by 2020 (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2015). The goal is to encourage nurses to achieve higher education and seek lifelong learning. Lifelong learning, however, goes beyond advanced degrees, required CEU credits, annual in-services, and orientation. Lifelong learning goes above and beyond normal duty. It’s a commitment to improving practice. From the first day of nursing school to graduation day, to the first day of orientation to a promotion into a leadership role;

Emma and Clueless Free Essays

Transformations often involve familiar themes but reflect those themes in a different context in order to resonate the values and interests of that society. Thus, context dictates form and meaning as well as the values inherent in the texts. Amy Heckerling’s, 20th century American film, Clueless is a transformation of Jane Austen’s conservative Regency England, Emma. We will write a custom essay sample on Emma and Clueless or any similar topic only for you Order Now The use of different techniques and medium allow Emma’s themes of personal growth, social structure and the role of women in society to be conveyed in a more appropriate form in Clueless. The main characters, Emma and Cher are representational products of their society and parallels can be drawn in the opening scenes, particularly in relation to self-knowledge. The Bildungsroman progression from delusion to social awareness is a universal value in both texts despite their differing contexts. Emma is introduced as â€Å"handsome, clever, and rich† who had â€Å"a disposition to think a little too well of herself. † Austen’s satirical tone as the omniscient narrator alerts the responder to Emma’s inability to understand her position in society. Furthermore, while Emma successfully matches Mr. Weston and Ms. Taylor, her motives are superficial as she sees it as â€Å"the greatest amusement in the world! † She also believes Harriet’s beauty â€Å"should not be wasted on the inferior society†, and it would be â€Å"interesting and highly becoming† to â€Å"improve her†. Austen employs verbal irony through Emma’s dialogue, which exposes her flaws of arrogance and shallowness. However, Emma eventually develops self awareness as shown when she realizes her mistake of matching Harriet with Mr. Elton and influencing her to refuse a suitable marriage with Mr. Martin. There is a similar character development in Cher despite the difference in context. Heckerling implements voice overs to create an immediate sense of irony when Cher’s â€Å"way normal life for a teenage girl† is juxtaposed with a dolly-tracking shot of her choosing outfits from a computer operated wardrobe in a grand bedroom. In doing so, Heckerling continues Austen’s satirical mode by highlighting Cher’s lack of social awareness. This is further reinforced through her dialogue, â€Å"I have direction†¦towards the mall† and Dionne’s statement, â€Å"Cher’s main thrill in life is a make-over†¦it gives her a sense of control in a world full of chaos†, which imply her superficial obsession with image and materialistic values. Cher’s final ability to see beyond the superficial and realize her mistakes â€Å"I was just totally clueless† is parallel to Emma’s reconciliation to society and its values. Similar to Austen, Heckerling reflects values that are consistent with any age and time- the absolute necessity for young people to gain social awareness. Social hierarchy in Regency England was permanent and immobile. It was governed by strict rules of adherence to rank and place, and was determined by birthright and inheritance. Miss. Churchill and Captain Weston’s marriage challenged the social hierarchy due to a large social imbalance in their marriage, and through authorial intrusion, it was deemed â€Å"an unsuitable connection and did not produce much happiness. † Austen demonstrates the virtually impermeable social structure through her criticism of the Coles and that †it was not for them to arrange the terms on which the superior families would visit them†, indicating that money gained through trade and not birthright, doesn’t indicate status. Emma’s high modality and contemptuous tone employed when she claims â€Å"the yeomanry are precisely the order of people with whom I feel I can have nothing to do† further highlights the inflexibility on class interactions. Finally, Harriet’s marriage to Mr. Martin, a farmer, results in the loss of friendship between Emma and Harriet as stated by Austen’s authorial intrusion, â€Å"the intimacy between her and Emma must sink. † This epitomizes the clear demarcation of status and that Emma shouldn’t associate with Harriet due to their differing social status. Cher’s world also has a class structure that underpins her society. This idea is explored through the camera panning out to take long shots of the rigid societal tiers, whilst Cher introduces Tai to the stratified social groups at school including the â€Å"Persia mafia†, the crew and the â€Å"loadies†. Elton’s indignant tone conveys class consciousness in his rhetorical questions towards Cher as she suggests Tai as a romantic partner, â€Å"Why Tai?! Do you know who my father is? † Later, Cher is abandoned in a carpark by Elton, and the far shot of a blinking neon sign of a clown symbolizes society’s mockery of her attempt to undermine a defined system of class. Clearly, class consciousness pervades both societies, especially in selecting romantic partners. Regency England dictated the position of women in society by strict codes of conduct. Primarily, women of Emma’s class were constrained by society’s expectations of a match within their social class. Captain Weston’s marriage to Miss. Churchill is juxtaposed to Miss. Taylor’s, thus allowing Austen to comment on the female and male positions in society, in that women are meant to be passive and have less say in their marriage. According to Mr. Weston’s idea, â€Å"it’s being a great deal better to chuse than to be chosen, to excite gratitude than to feel it†, hence demonstrating the double moral standard prevalent in society. Furthermore, Emma’s sister, Isabella, is married to John Weston, and through authorial intrusion, Austen comments that â€Å"Isabella always thinks as he does† demonstrating a women’s duty as a wife. The use of dialogue in Mr. Knightley’s warning to Emma, â€Å"Men of family would not be very fond of connecting themselves with a girl of such obscurity†¦[Harriet]†, exemplifies society’s expectation of women to interact within their own social class. On the other hand, Clueless doesn’t offer the restricted patriarchal world of Austen as young women could be independent, outspoken and have many more choices, including marriage. The focus of the medium shot on Cher as she struts down the schoolyard in her vibrant yellow costuming portrays her outgoing attitude. The eye contact of male passerbys creates vectors and the comment â€Å"As if! † highlight Cher’s disgust at their attention, exemplifying women’s freedom to choose their romantic partners. This idea is reinforced by Cher’s comment on Dionne’s relationship, â€Å"Dee, you could do so much better. Contrary to Austen, Heckerling recognizes the change in the position of women in society in that they have more freedom in their social behavior and relationships. In conclusion, Emma and Clueless offer profound and satirical insights into their respective contexts. While the need for social stability and the need for young people to gain s ocial awareness, remain unchanged, but the position of women in society has shifted dramatically. Such ideas are reinforced by the different mediums, both of which effectively reflect the themes and values of that context. How to cite Emma and Clueless, Papers

Brief History Of Library Automation 19301996 Essay free essay sample

Brief History Of Library Automation 1930-1996 Essay, Research Paper Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996An machine-controlled library is one where a computing machine system is used tomanage one or several of the library # 8217 ; s cardinal maps such asacquisitions, seriess control, cataloging, circulation and the publicaccess catalog. When researching the history of library mechanization, itis possible to return to past centuries when visionaries good beforethe computing machine age created devices to help with their book lendingsystems. Even as far back as 1588, the innovation of the French # 8220 ; BookWheel # 8221 ; allowed bookmans to revolve between books by stepping on a pedalthat turned a book tabular array. Another interesting illustration was the # 8220 ; BookIndicator # 8221 ; , developed by Albert Cotgreave in 1863. It housed miniaturebooks to stand for books in the library # 8217 ; s aggregation. The miniaturebooks were portion of a design that made it possible to find if abook was in, out or delinquent. These and many mo re illustrations of earlyingenuity in library systems exist, nevertheless, this paper will concentrate onthe more recent computing machine mechanization get downing in the early twentiethcentury. The Beginnings of Library Automation: 1930-1960It could be said that library mechanization development began in the1930 # 8217 ; s when punch card equipment was implemented for usage in librarycirculation and acquisitions. During the 30 # 8217 ; s and early 40 # 8217 ; s progresson computing machine systems was slow which is non surprising, given theDepression and World War II. In 1945, Vannevar Bush envisioned anautomated system that would hive away information, including books, personal records and articles. Bush ( 1945 ) wrote about a conjectural # 8221 ; memex # 8221 ; system which he described as a mechanical library that wouldallow a user to see stored information from several different accesspoints and expression at several points at the same time. His thoughts are wellknown as the footing for hypertext and mputers for their operations. Thefirst appeared at MIT, in 1957, with the development of COMIT, pull offing lingual calculations, natural linguistic communication and the ability tosearch for a peculiar twine of information. Librarians so movedbeyond a vision or thought for the usage of computing machines, given thetechnology, they were able brand great progresss in the usage of computersfor library systems. This lead to an detonation of library automationin the 60 # 8217 ; s and 70 # 8217 ; s. Library Automation Officially is Underway: 1960-1980The promotion of engineering lead to additions in the usage ofcomputers in libraries. In 1961, a important innovation by bothRobert Noyce of Intel and Jack Kirby of Texas Instruments, workingindependently, was the incorporate circuit. All the constituents of anelectronic circuit were placed onto a individual # 8220 ; bit # 8221 ; of Si. Thisinvention of the integrated circuit and freshly developed disc and tapestorage devices gave computing machines the velocity, storage and ability neededfor online synergistic processing and telecommunications. The new potency for computing machine usage guided one bibliothec to develop anew indexing technique. HP. Luhn, in 1961, used a computing machine to producethe # 8220 ; keyword in context # 8221 ; or KWIC index for articles looking inChemical Abstractions. Although keyword indexing was non new, it wasfound to be really suited for the computing machine as it was cheap andit presented multiple entree points. Through the usage of Luhn # 8217 ; s keywordindexing, it was found that bibliothecs had the ability to putcontrolled linguistic communication index footings on the computing machine. By the mid-60 # 8217 ; s, computing machines were being used for the production ofmachine clear catalog records by the Library of Congress. Between1965 and 1968, LOC began the MARC I project, followed rapidly by MARCII. MARC was designed as manner of # 8220 ; labeling # 8221 ; bibliographic records using3-digit Numberss to place Fieldss. For illustration, a ticket might bespeak # 8221 ; ISBN, # 8221 ; while another ticket indicates # 8220 ; publi cation day of the month, # 8221 ; and yetanother indicates # 8220 ; Library of Congress capable headers # 8221 ; and so on. In1974, the MARC II format became the footing of a standard incorporatedby NISO ( National Information Standards Organization ) . This was asignificant development because the criterions created meant that abibliographic record could be read and transferred by the computerbetween different library systems. ARPANET, a web established by the Defense Advanced ResearchProjects Agency in 1969 brought into being the usage of electronic mail, telnet and file transfer protocol. By 1980, a sub-net of ARPANET made MELVYL, theUniversity of California s online public entree catalog, available ona national degree. ARPANET, would go the paradigm for othernetworks such as CSNET, BITNET, and EDUCOM. These webs have almostdisappeared with the development of ARPANET to NSFNET which has becomethe present twenty-four hours Internet. During the 1970 # 8217 ; s the innovations o f the integrated computing machine chipand storage devices caused the usage of minicomputers and microcomputersto grow well. The usage of commercial systems for searchingreference databases ( such as DIALOG ) began. BALLOTS ( BibliographicalAutomation of Large Library Operations ) in the late 1970 # 8217 ; s was one ofthe foremost and subsequently became the foundation for RLIN ( the ResearchLibraries Information Network ) . BALLOTS was designed to integrateclosely with the proficient processing maps of the library andcontained four chief files: ( 1 ) Marc records from LOC ; ( 2 ) an in-processfile containing information on points in the processing phase ; ( 3 ) a catalog informations file incorporating an online record for each point ; and ( 4 ) a mention file. F urther, it contained a wide search retrievalcapability with the ability to search on truncated words, keywords,and LC subject headings, for example. OCLC, the On-line Computer Library Center began in 1967, chartered inthe state of Ohio. This significant project facilitated technicalprocessing in library systems when it started it’s first cooperativecataloging venture in 1970. It went on-line in 1971. Since that timeit has grown considerably, providing research and utihypermedia.In order to have automation, there must first be a computer. Thedevelopment of the computer progressed substantially from 1946 to1961, moving quickly though a succession of vacuum tubes, transistorsand finally to silicon chips. From 1946 to 1947 two significantcomputers were built. The ENIAC I (Electronic Numerical Integrator andCalculator) computer was developed by John Mauchly and J. PresperEckert at the University of Pennsylvania. It contained over 18,000vacuum tubes, weighed thirty tons and was ho used in two stories of abuilding. It was intended for use during World War II but was notcompleted in time. Instead, it was used to assist the development ofthe hydrogen bomb. Another computer, EDVAC, was designed to store twoprograms at once and switch between the sets of instructions. A majorbreakthrough occurred in 1947 when Bell Laboratories replaced vacuumtubes with the invention of the transistor. The transistors decreasedthe size of the computer, and at the same time increased the speed andcapacity. The UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) became thefirst computer using transistors and was used at the U.S. Bureau ofthe Census from 1951 until 1963.Software development also was in progress during this time. Operating systems and programming languages were developed for thecomputers being built. Librarians needed text-based computerlanguages, different from the first numerical languages invented forthe number crunching â€Å"monster computers†, in order to be able to u secolities designed to provide users with the ability to accessbibliographic records, scientific and literary information whichcontinues to the present .Library Automation 1980-presentThe 70’s were the era of the dummy terminal that were used to gainaccess to mainframe on-line databases. The 80’s gave birth to a newrevolution. The size of computers decreased, at the same time,technology provided faster chips, additional RAM and greater storagecapacity. The use of microcomputers during the 1980’s expandedtremendously into the homes, schools, libraries and offices of manyAmericans. The microcomputer of the 80’s became a useful tool forlibrarians who put to them to use for everything from word processingto reference, circulation and serials.On-line Public Access Catalogs began to be used extensively the1980’s. Libraries started to set-up and purchase their own computersystems as well as connect with other established library networks. Many of these we re not developed by the librarians themselves, but byvendors who supplied libraries with systems for everything fromcataloging to circulation. One such on-line catalog system is the CARL(Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries) system. Various othersoftware became available to librarians, such as spreadsheets anddatabases for help in library administration and informationdissemination.The introduction of CD-ROMs in the late 80 s has changed the waylibraries operate. CD-ROMs became available containing databases,software, and information previously only available through print,making the information more accessible. Connections to â€Å"outside†databases such as OCLC, DIALOG, and RLIN continued, however, in theearly 90’s the databases that were previously available on-line becameavailable on CD-ROM, either in parts or in their entirety. Librariescould then gain information through a variety of options.The nineties are giving rise to yet another era in libraryautomation. The use of networks for e-mail, ftp, telnet, Internet, andconnections to on-line commercial systems has grown. It is nowpossible for users to connect to the libraries from their home oroffice. The world wide web which had it’s official start date asApril of 1993 is becoming the fastest growing new provider ofinformation. It is also possible, to connect to international librarysystems and information through the Internet and with ever improvingtelecommunications. Expert systems and knowledge systems have becomeavailable in the 90 s as both software and hardware capabilities haveimproved. The technology used for the processing of information hasgrown considerably since the beginnings of the thirty ton computer. With the development of more advanced silicon computer chips, enlargedstorage space and faster, increased capacity telecommunication lines,the ability to quickly process, store, send and retrieve informationis causing the current information delivery services to flouris h. BibliographyBush, V. (1945).As we may think. Atlantic Monthly. 176(1), 101-8. Duval, B.K. Main, L. (1992). Automated Library Systems: A LibrariansGuide and Teaching Manual. London: MecklerNelson, N.M., (Ed.) (1990). Library Technology 1970-1990: Shaping theLibrary of the Future. Research Contributions from the 1990 Computersin Libraries Conference. London: Meckler. Pitkin, G.M. (Ed.) (1991). The Evolution of Library Automation:Management Issues and Future Perspectives. London: Meckler. Title:A Brief History of Library Automation: 1930-1996